which statement describes the spanish colonization of north america

He then founded the settlement of La Isabela on the island they named Hispaniola (now divided into Haiti and the Dominican Republic). the stock market crash of 1929 caused the great depression. "John Francis Bannon and the Historiography of the Spanish Borderlands: Retrospect and Prospect. This resulted in a strengthening of the ---4--- cause at the expensive of --5--, Identify the cities in the modern United States that were . [30] South of the Bo-Bo River the Mapuche successfully reversed colonization with the Destruction of the Seven Cities in 15991604. "[61] Reforms sought to centralize government control through reorganization of administration, reinvigorate the economies of Spain and the Spanish empire through changes in mercantile and fiscal policies, defend Spanish colonies and territorial claims through the establishment of a standing military, undermine the power of the Catholic church, and rein in the power of the American-born elites.[62]. In 1574, Philip II promulgated the Order of Patronage (Ordenaza del Patronato) ordering the religious orders to turn over their parishes to the secular clergy, a policy that secular clerics had long sought for the central areas of empire, with their large indigenous populations. Cline, and Javier Pescador, Cook, David Noble. Spaniards continued to expand their presence in the circum-Caribbean region with expeditions. Q1: Option B. St. Augustine was the name of the first Spanish colonial settlement in Florida. [c] Shortly after founding Santa Fe, Oate was recalled to Mexico City by the Spanish authorities. Settlements/Geography Although implementation was slow and incomplete, it was an assertion of royal power over the clergy and the quality of parish priests improved, since the Ordenanza mandated competitive examination to fill vacant positions. Direct link to dcervante0051's post what were the spanish ast, Posted 5 years ago. It became the second-most valuable export from Spanish America after silver.[149]. The governors exercised judicial ordinary functions of first instance, and prerogatives of government legislating by ordinances. Another failed attempt was conducted by Lucas Vzquez de Aylln, who set out with approximately 500 colonists and established the settlement of San Miguel de Gualdape in modern-day South Carolina in 1526.[44]. These began a movement for colonial independence that spread to Spain's other colonies in the Americas. North America's Indigenous peoples preserved their cultures and dignity through this period, despite facing violent dispossession by the colonists; enslaved Africans did as well, amid the . New foods greatly benefitted Europeans, whose population increased, while infectious diseases . Powers, Stephen. Rodrigo de Bastidas was first to establish Spain's claim to the isthmus, sailing along the Darin coast in March 1501, but he made no settlement. Queen Isabel put an end to formal slavery, declaring the indigenous to be vassals of the crown, but Spaniards' exploitation of indigenous labor continued. The crown established the audiencia in 1549. Borah, Woodrow. Why did the Spanish choose to enslave native people? By contrast, the indigenous population plummeted by an estimated 80% in the first century and a half following Columbus's voyages, primarily through the spread of infectious diseases. Cook, Noble David. The colonies grew both geographically along the Atlantic coast and westward and numerically to 13 from the time of their founding to the American Revolution (1775-81). Free and enslaved Africans were a feature of New Spain throughout the colonial period. Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. There were a variable number of councilors (regidores), depending on the size of the town, also two municipal judges (alcaldes menores), who were judges of first instance, and also other officials as police chief, inspector of supplies, court clerk, and a public herald. Ore was crushed with the aid of mules and then mercury could be applied to draw out the pure silver. [148] Only the most valuable low bulk products would be exported. [157] The story of Doa Marina, also known as Malinche, was the subject of a Mexican TV miniseries in 2018. [5] The deeply pious Isabella saw the expansion of Spain's sovereignty inextricably paired with the evangelization of non-Christian peoples, the so-called spiritual conquest with the military conquest. Spaniards waged a fifty-year war (ca. Direct link to Stephen White's post I've read that the reason, Posted 3 years ago. Audiencia judgments and other functions became more tied to the locality and less to the crown and impartial justice. Spanish explorations of other islands in the Caribbean and what turned out to be the mainland of South and Central America occupied them for over two decades. history of Latin America, history of the region from the pre-Columbian period and including colonization by the Spanish and Portuguese beginning in the 15th century, the 19th-century wars of independence, and developments to the end of the 20th century. Charles revoked the grant in 1545, ending the episode of German colonization. The Spanish Colonization owned the western part of north america and was later deafeted which lead to the mannifest destiny patriotism that is America . During the Bourbon era, even when the crown systematically appointed peninsular-born Spaniards to royal posts rather than American-born, the cabildos remained in the hands of local elites. The capital Lima was built near the Pacific coast. [105], In 1721, at the beginning of the Bourbon monarchy, the crown transferred the main responsibility for governing the overseas empire from the Council of the Indies to the Ministry of the Navy and the Indies, which were subsequently divided into two separate ministries in 1754. The cities were Spanish and the countryside indigenous. Works by historians in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries have expanded the understanding of the impact of the Spanish conquest and changes during the more than three hundred years of Spanish rule. Hoping to salvage Portugals holdings, King Joo II negotiated a treaty with Spain. Records of the conquest of central Mexico include accounts by the expedition leader Hernn Corts, Bernal Daz del Castillo and other Spanish conquistadors, indigenous allies from the city-states altepetl of Tlaxcala, Texcoco, and Huexotzinco. Prominent Dominican friars in Santo Domingo, especially Antonio de Montesinos and Bartolom de Las Casas denounced the maltreatment and pressed the crown to act to protect the indigenous populations. Ordo Ab Chao (Quizzaciously Sesquipedalianized Eleemosynary), The Aztecs witnessed the smallpox epidemic's destruction personally, and this was described in the Florentine Codex. These were often led by secondary leaders, such as Pedro de Alvarado. Spanish explorers claimed land for the crown in the modern-day states of Alabama, Arizona, the Carolinas, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Mississippi, New Mexico, Texas, and California. Spanish universities expanded to train lawyer-bureaucrats (letrados) for administrative positions in Spain and its overseas empire. Florida was supposedly named because it was spotted on Easter, or the Festival of Flowers as it was commonly called in Spain. Enslaved Africans were imported to Spanish territories, primarily to Cuba. Spanish settlers initially found relatively dense populations of indigenous peoples, who were agriculturalists living in villages ruled by leaders not part of a larger integrated political system. [137][138][139], The largest population in Spanish America was and remained indigenous, what Spaniards called "Indians" (indios), a category that did not exist before the arrival of the Europeans. [119] Their functions were governing the respective municipalities, administering of justice and being appellate judges in the alcaldes menores' judgments,[120] but only the corregidor could preside over the cabildo. Question 2. [55][56] Arguably the most significant introduction was diseases brought to the Americas, which devastated indigenous populations in a series of epidemics. [141][142][143] In Mexico, the labor force had to be lured from elsewhere in the colony, and was not based on traditional systems of rotary labor. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like An unintended but very real consequence of the Great Awakening was that it reduced colonial impulses toward democracy in civic life, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the political dynamic in the colonies, Fill in the blanks to complete the passage about the slave economies of colonial North America and more. Audiencias were a significant base of power and influence for American-born elites, starting in the late sixteenth century, with nearly a quarter of appointees being born in the Indies by 1687. Once the Aztec Empire was toppled, they founded Mexico City on the ruins of the Aztec capital. [7] Expeditions required authorization by the crown, which laid out the terms of such expedition. Survivors continued to travel among indigenous groups in the North American south and southwest until 1536. [51] Like previous conquistadors, Oate engaged in widespread abuses of the Indian population. It is estimated that during the colonial period (14921832), a total of 1.86million Spaniards settled in the Americas, and a further 3.5million immigrated during the post-colonial era (18501950); the estimate is 250,000 in the 16th century and most during the 18th century, as immigration was encouraged by the new Bourbon dynasty.[2]. Alcaldas mayores were larger districts with a royal appointee, the Alcalde mayor. The Spanish moved into the Americas with a lust for wealth. [132] The crown expelled the Jesuits from Spain and The Indies in 1767 during the Bourbon Reforms. The vast majority of the decline happened after the Spanish period, during the Mexican and US periods of Californian history (18211910), with the most dramatic collapse (200,000 to 25,000) occurring in the US period (18461910). They established the colony of Klein-Venedig in 1528. [147] With only a small labor force to draw on, ranching was an ideal economic activity for some regions. In 1500 the city of Nueva Cdiz was founded on the island of Cubagua, Venezuela, followed by the founding of Santa Cruz by Alonso de Ojeda in present-day Guajira peninsula. They were predominantly criollos (Americas-born people of European ancestry, mostly Spanish or Portuguese), bourgeois and influenced by liberalism and in some cases with military training in the mother country. Mounted indigenous warriors were significant foes for Spaniards. It consisted of a number of opposing views about the way natives were to be integrated into colonial life, their conversion to Christianity and their rights and obligations. The Chichimeca in northern Mexico, the Comanche in the northern Great Plains and the Mapuche in southern Chile and the pampas of Argentina resisted Spanish conquest. Pope Alexander VI in a 4 May 1493 papal decree, Inter caetera, divided rights to lands in the Western Hemisphere between Spain and Portugal on the proviso that they spread Christianity. They were initially a scarce commodity, but horse breeding became an active industry. This is not a fabrication; indigenous death to such diseases claimed around 50% in Tenochtitlan and up to 90% elsewhere on the continent. Many institutions established in Castile found expression in The Indies from the early colonial period. [90] A similar legal apparatus was set up in Lima.[91]. Melville, Elinor G.K. A Plague of Sheep: Environmental Consequences of the Conquest of Mexico. The capital city of a viceroyalty became of the seat of the archbishop. The New Laws of 1542 were the result, limiting the power of encomenderos, the private holders of grants to indigenous labor previously held in perpetuity. The leader of the expedition pledged the larger share of capital to the enterprise, which in many ways functioned as a commercial firm. The Audiencias were initially constituted by the crown as a key administrative institution with royal authority and loyalty to the crown as opposed to conquerors and first settlers. In the Huancavelica region, mercury continues to wreak ecological damage.[144][145][146]. The crown relied on ecclesiastics as important councilors and royal officials in the governance of their overseas territories. Latin America stretches from the southern boundaries of the United States in North America to the southern tip of South America.. 2. - New Mexico is established as a Spanish Colony.-Spanish explorer Juan Ponce de Len explored Florida. New York: Cambridge University Press 1994. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBrading1971 (, Kuethe, Allan J. Europeans imported enslaved Africans to the early Caribbean settlements to replace indigenous labor and enslaved and free Africans were part of colonial-era populations. Corts's seeking indigenous allies was a typical tactic of warfare: divide and conquer. The Spanish founded San Sebastin de Uraba in 1509 but abandoned it within the year. They preferred wheat cultivation to indigenous sources of carbohydrates: casava, maize (corn), and potatoes, initially importing seeds from Europe and planting in areas where plow agriculture could be utilized, such as the Mexican Bajo. In the twentieth century, Garatuza's life was the subject of a 1935 film[165] and a 1986 telenovela, Martn Garatuza. [37] Exploration from Peru resulted in the foundation of Tucumn in what is now northwest Argentina. Direct link to Jude's post I believe the caste syste, Posted 5 years ago. respond to failed pueblo revolt in 1598?, The ---1-- of the Spanish Armada by the --2-- empire demonstrated a more --3-- ships against a much larger warships. The Spanish Empire would expand across the Caribbean Islands, half of South America, almost all of Central America and most of North America. The composition of the expedition was the standard pattern, with a senior leader, and participating men investing in the enterprise with the full expectation of rewards if they did not lose their lives.

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